Olympic fever

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Pronoun grammar

Pronoun rules:-

Rule 1

Subject pronouns are used when the pronoun is the subject of the sentence. You can remember subject pronouns easily by filling in the blank subject space for a simple sentence.
Example:
______ did the job.
I, you, he, she, it, we, and they all fit into the blank and are, therefore, subject pronouns

Rule 2

Subject pronouns are also used if they rename the subject. They follow to be verbs such as is, are, was, were, am, and will be.
Examples:
It is he.
This is she speaking.
It is we who are responsible for the decision to downsize.
NOTE: In spoken English, most people tend to follow to be verbs with object pronouns. Many English teachers support (or at least have given in to) this distinction between written and spoken English.
Example:
It could have been them.
Better:
It could have been they.
Example:
It is just me at the door.
Better:
It is just I at the door.

Rule 3

Object pronouns are used everywhere else (direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition). Object pronouns are me, you, him, her, it, us, and them.
Examples:
Jean talked to him.
Are you talking to me?

Rule 5

To decide whether to use the subject or object pronoun after the words than or as, mentally complete the sentence.
Examples:
Tranh is as smart as she/her.
If we mentally complete the sentence, we would say, "Tranh is as smart as she is." Therefore, she is the correct answer.
Zoe is taller than I/me.
Mentally completing the sentence, we have, "Zoe is taller than I am."
Daniel would rather talk to her than I/me.
We can mentally complete this sentence in two ways: "Daniel would rather talk to her than to me." OR "Daniel would rather talk to her than I would." As you can see, the meaning will change depending on the pronoun you choose.



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Teaching Aids

  Teaching Aids

 

 

 

 

As we all know that today's age is the age of science and technology. The teaching learning programmes have also been affected by it. The process of teaching - learning depends upon the different type of equipment available in the classroom.

Need of Teaching Aids

1) Every individual has the tendency to forget. Proper use of teaching aids helps to retain more concept permanently.

2) Students can learn better when they are motivated properly through different teaching aids.

3) Teaching aids develop the proper image when the students see, hear taste and smell properly.

4) Teaching aids provide complete example for conceptual thinking.

5) The teaching aids create the environment of interest for the students.

6) Teaching aids helps to increase the vocabulary of the students.

7) Teaching aids helps the teacher to get sometime and make learning permanent.

8) Teaching aids provide direct experience to the students.

Types of Teaching Aids

There are many aids available these days. We may classify these aids as follows-

. Visual Aids

. Audio Aids

. Audio - Visual Aids

1) Visual Aids
The aids which use sense of vision are called Visual aids. For example :- actual objects, models, pictures, charts, maps, flash cards, flannel board, bulletin board, chalkboard, overhead projector, slides etc. Out of these black board and chalk are the commonest ones.

2) Audio Aids
The aids that involve the sense of hearing are called Audio aids. For example :- radio, tape recorder, gramophone etc.

3) Audio - Visual Aids
The aids which involve the sense of vision as well as hearing are called Audio- Visual aids. For example :- television, film projector, film strips etc.

Importance of Teaching aids

Teaching aids play an very important role in Teaching- Learning process. Importance of Teaching aids are as follows :-

1) Motivation
Teaching aids motivate the students so that they can learn better.

2) Clarification
Through teaching aids , the teacher clarify the subject matter more easily.

3) Discouragement of Cramming
Teaching aids can facilitate the proper understanding to the students which discourage the act of cramming.

4) Increase the Vocabulary
Teaching aids helps to increase the vocabulary of the students more effectively.

5) Saves Time and Money

6) Classroom Live and active
Teaching aids make the classroom live and active.

7) Avoids Dullness

8) Direct Experience
Teaching aids provide direct experience to the students

punctuation

Punctuation

Below is a description of some punctuation marks and their proper usage. They are listed in functional order, starting with those that end sentences, followed by those that fall in the middle of sentences, and finally those that fall in the middle of words.

The Period

A period looks like this:  .  It is used to end a sentence. You should not use a period for anything other than ending a sentence. (A period also makes up part of an ellipsis, but that's another story.)

The Exclamation Point

An exclamation point looks like this:  !  Like the period, the exclamation point is used to end a sentence, but it also adds emphasis. When you're writing dialogue and a character is shouting, you might want to end the sentence with an exclamation point. Example::

"Gabrielle, look out!" yelled Xena.

The Colon

A colon looks like this:  :   It appears at the end of a clause and can do one of three things.

     A colon can introduce a list. Be sure that what comes before the colon could stand as a complete sentence on its own.
Correct:

Xena has many skills: running, jumping, fighting, and sewing.

Incorrect:

Xena's skills include: running, jumping, fighting, and sewing.

     A colon can introduce a restatement of the previous clause.

     Xena is a warrior: she spends a lot of her time fighting

battles.

     A colon can introduce an elaboration on the previous clause.

Gabrielle was in pain: she had just sprained her ankle. 

The Semicolon

A semicolon looks like this:  ;   Semicolons have essentially two uses.

       A semicolon separates items in a list when the items themselves have internal punctuation.

       Gabrielle likes oranges; cherries; and red, yellow, and green

apples.

       A semicolon separates two closely related clauses. In this function, it is slightly stronger than a comma, but weaker than a period. The clause before the semicolon and the clause after the semicolon should be complete sentences on their own; you should be able to replace the semicolon with a period and have two grammatically correct sentences.

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Pride and Prejudice

       Jane Austen

       I don’t know if its true but they say Jane Austen started the brigade of Chick Lit, a genre of fiction featuring a female protagonist, often in a humorous ambiance, mostly includes romance and requires less thinking of its readers. I find it likely true if one stripped the language into a contemporary tone, remove the setting from its place, replace with a quirky cover. But it will likely ruin the book.

The novel highlights the economy of the 19^th century England, including its system. In the author’s days, it reveals the woman is in need for a man for economic benefits and reputation and least likely for love. The women are powerless and inferior compared to man unless they have money or of in a higher position

       All of which started when Mr. Bingley with his friend Darcy go to Netherfield, renting for an estate. The place throws a party for their visit where Elizabeth Bennet, an opinionated and intelligent 20-year old woman, meets Fitzwilliam Darcy, a proud and rich man. They don’t get along well since Darcy won’t engage to any person whom he haven’t yet acquainted, knew or simply if the person is out of his league. However, Mr. Bingley, an agreeable and rich man, falls in love with Jane, Elizabeth’s daughter. By then, Darcy frequently meets Elizabeth where their character clash by their Pride and Prejudice.

 

       Pride and Prejudice

       Elizabeth Benneth receives many challenges on the way, not for love but by common living. Jane Austen have created such that portrays what life is like in 19th-century England: Woman are supposed to sing and to draw, which is the society’s basis for her to be attractive and agreeable; only a man is allowed to inherit an estate; they are encouraged to be married to a rich man as early as they can.

       The beauty of the book lies in the its characters. Austen have created a brilliant and vivid characters that they seem like a real person or someone you know or someone you don’t know but you want to meet. Every word they utter reveals their character. In fact, you will seldom encounter a passage describing the place or environment. The whole novel focuses in character development and their relationship. Pride and Prejudice is also filled with witty remarks and words of wisdom. The book has an attitude.

       What lacks in the book is the tangible descriptions. We can’t know the furniture’s designs, the room’s view, the landscape’s build, etc. Perhaps, Austen thought that only local people would only read her work, that she didn’t planned of it being read by millions. With that, I recommend you to watch the movie-adaptation or the BBC mini-series or better yet both.

       A contemporary reader will somehow ask what is the trouble in reading this classic. I dare say there are many: unbearably long paragraphs, confusion of pronoun antecedent and indirect words. True, some paragraphs is as long as a whole page or sometimes jumps to the next page and it will merit you weary eyes. At some point, pronouns gets cramped in a paragraph that it confuses you who’s Austen referring to. Upon the confusion, you will read the preceding the paragraph again. So don’t blame yourself if you finish it long enough like you have already read two books. The words are poetic. It requires close reading or better yet asking a friend for translation, which I did. But rest assured, once you get the hang of it you will experience being yank out of the back sit to the front row.

       Unlike other authors, Austen holds the readers throughout the story with conversations. There are times a chapter is only filled with a dialogue but it is well handled that the dialogue themselves do the narration. Rest assured, no matter of how long it is, the content is meaningful and it never gets dull. Certainly rare people can do it and certainly Austen is one of them. Her writing is uncommonly good.

       Historical Fiction is not bad after all. Classics are not bad after all. Don’t get intimidated in reading this kind of book. It is a pleasure. It will likely improve you’re reading experience on the next book.

 

Geoffrey Chaucer

Geoffrey Chaucer known as the Father of English literature, is widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages and was the first poet to have been buried in Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey. While he achieved fame during his lifetime as an author, philosopher, alchemist and astronomer, composing a scientific treatise on the astrolabe for his ten year-old son Lewis, Chaucer also maintained an active career in the civil service as a bureaucrat, courtier and diplomat. Among his many works, which include The Book of the Duchess, the House of Fame, the Legend of Good Women and Troilus and Criseyde, he is best known today for The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer is a crucial figure in developing the legitimacy of the vernacular, Middle English, at a time when the dominant literary languages in England were French and Latin. 

Geoffrey Chaucer's Published Books:

Major worksTranslation of Roman de la Rose, possibly extant as The Romaunt of the Rose
The Book of the Duchess
The House of Fame
Anelida and Arcite
Parlement of Foules
Translation of Boethius' Consolation of Philosophy as Boece
Troilus and Criseyde
The Legend of Good Women
The Canterbury Tales
Treatise on the Astrolabe 
Short poemsBalade to Rosemounde
An ABC
Chaucers Wordes unto Adam, His Owne Scriveyn 
The Complaint unto Pity
The Complaint of Chaucer to his Purse
The Complaint of Mars
The Complaint of Venus
A Complaint to His Lady
The Former Age
Fortune
Gentilesse
Lak of Stedfastnesse
Lenvoy de Chaucer a Scogan
Lenvoy de Chaucer a Bukton
Proverbs
Balade to Rosemounde
Truth
Womanly Noblesse
Poems of dubious authorship
Against Women Unconstant
A Balade of Complaint
Complaynt D'Amours
Merciles Beaute 

Balade

HYD, Absolon, thy gilte tresses clere;
Ester, ley thou thy meknesse al a-doun;
Hyd, Jonathas, al thy frendly manere;
Penalopee, and Marcia Catoun,
Mak of your wyfhod no comparisoun;
Hyde ye your beautes, Isoude and Eleyne;
My lady cometh, that al this may disteyne.

Thy faire body, lat hit nat appere,
Lavyne; and thou, Lucresse of Rome toun,
And Polixene, that boghten love so dere,
And Cleopatre, with al thy passioun,
Hyde ye your trouthe of love and your renoun;
And thou, Tisbe, that hast of love swich peyne;
My lady cometh, that al this may disteyne.

Herro, Dido, Laudomia, alle y-fere,
And Phyllis, hanging for thy Demophoun,
And Canace, espyed by thy chere,
Ysiphile, betraysed with Jasoun,
Maketh of your trouthe neyther boost ne soun;
Nor Ypermistre or Adriane, ye tweyne;
My lady cometh, that al this may distevne. 

 

 

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